WA8LMF Mirror of WB4APR Website - 21 July 2008 EA-467 LABs
EA-467 USNA Space Systems Labs
US Naval Academy Satellite Lab,
Bob Bruninga, WB4APR
Dr. Julie Thienel
CDR Myre - Director of Astronautics

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EA-467 Space Systems Lab is the primary hands-on LAB series for the senior year of Areospace Astro majors. Many of the LABs will use our LABsat experimental hardware. For an academic summary of the material see the(one-page-per-lab) summary overview of all the labs as used in 2005. The topics below will be covered in approximately the order shown.

Course Policy Statment: This web page will be your single required reference for all matters dealing with the EA-467 course. Homework and asignments will be made here and you are responsible for checking here before each Lab to download and print your own copy of the lab and for all other course details. You are required to read these documents:

  • Course Policy (both sections)
  • Course/LAB Schedule (rev-i, 27 Nov)
  • Lab Writing Guide
  • Lab Checklist

    LAB SEQUENCE, ASSIGNMENTS, AND SCHEDULE 2007]:

  • 21 Aug . . . ANDE Operations and STK homework due 28 Aug
  • 21 Aug . . . LABSATs. . An overview of the LABsats we will use for this lab
  • 21 Aug . . . Space Systems Overview. . A broad overview of satellite design concepts.
  • 28/30 Aug ANDE Pass Operations
  • 06/11 Sep Transmission Lines Lab
  • 13/18 Sep STK Projects/Presentation Project Presentations and Antenna Intro
  • 20 Sep . . . EZNEC Antenna Modeling Lab
  • 25 Sep . . . Antenna Lab
  • 02 Oct . . . Digital Communications Introduction using GO-32 satellite (rev b)
    . . . . . . . . . . . 1st/2nd period data-A , data-B, 3rd/4th period data-A, data-B,
  • 04 Oct . . . TX/RX Lab (rev-c): Measure RX sensitivity, selectivity, bandwidth & TX parameters
  • 09 Oct . . . FSK Demodulation Lab (rev-b): Decode FSK modulation and data decoding
  • 11 Oct . . . BPSK Demodulation Lab (rev-d): Decode BPSK modulation and data decoding
  • 16 Oct . . . Telemetry Lab (rev c) Signal conditioning, A/D conversion, decoding, unit equations
  • 18 Oct . . . Image Sensors Lab (rev b) Link requirements, Resolution, Defraction limit, Field of view.
  • 23 Oct . . . Field Trip to Goddard. Meet in Mid store parking lot at 0700.
  • 25 Oct . . . Follow up to Sensors/Command and Control Lab and an Introduction to Thermal by CDR Myre
  • 30 Oct . . . Thermal Lab Radiation and Loops and IR photo and Radiation Data.
  • 01 Nov. . . Heat Pipes. and an IR photo.
  • 06 Nov. . . Thermister lab in the Thermal Chamber
  • 08/13 Nov EPS Lab (rev-c), Solar Cells, Batteries and Series/shunt Regulators
  • 15 Nov. . . EPS Design project (rev-b). Complete system design.
  • 20 Nov. . . ANDE Re-Entry Contest (rev a). Predict Re-Entry. Win a Prize! . List of predictions.
  • 27 Nov. . . ADCS Introduction (rev-d FINAL). Measuring Moments of Inertia (rev a).
  • 29 Nov. . . ADCS Estimation (rev-e). Determining Attitude.
  • 04 Dec. . . ADCS Control(rev e). Controlling Attitude.


    The remainder of this page is carried over from last semester. This line break will move down the page to separate this years new updates from last years old files. By keeping the old files on this page, it gives you an opportunity to look ahead if you want.

    Students Note: For advance reading, the Lab document may not be in its final form until the class period prior to the lab.

    LAST YEAR's SUMMARY OF LABS COMPLETED:

  • 14 Nov - Electrical Power systems: . . . Solar power system design exercise EPS Design
  • xx Tbd - CPU and Experiments: . . . . . .Serial data interface for auxilliary processors or experiments (only GPS so far)
  • 16 Nov - ADCS Introduction: . . . . . . . . Intro, then measure Moments of Inertia for LABsats
  • 21 Nov - Ande/Raft launch ready test: Predict Orbit with STK and test with ANDE/RAFT simulators see lab
  • 28 Nov - Attitude Estimation: . . . . . . . .Sun and Star sensors. Attitude Estimation Lab (rev k)
  • 30 Nov - Attitude Control: . . . . . . . . . . Passive/active Magnetorquing & Momentum wheels. Attitude Control Lab
  • 05 Dec - LABsat Integration Test: . . . Perform a formal Integration/Functional test on all LABsat systems
  • 07 Dec - Tracking and Targeting: . . . . Google satellite imagry and PCSAT/APRS tracking tactical exercise.

    LABSAT SYSTEM: The LABsat concept was developed at USNA beginning about 1998 to use innexpensive off-the shelf components for under about $600 each ($900 with discrete TX & RX), yet include RF hardware suitable for actually closing the link from orbit in the Amateur Satellite Service. The labsats can not only serve as the final integration of all the modules of the seniors lab course, but they can also serve as rapid prototyping devices for testing modules and components for auxilliary payloads and applications. The Telemetry, Command and Control system communicates at 1200 or 9600 baud using the standard AX.25 packet radio protocol that has flown on MIR, the Shuttle and ISS plus a dozen or more satellites in the Amateur Satellite Service (including 5 of our own). Draft Tech Manual only a draft beginning, much still to be done.

    STACKsats: The images above show two typical LABsat stack configurations. These show the momentum wheel and magnetorquing experiments for demonstrating attitude control. The Motor and the orthogonal X and Y torquing coils demonstrate actual attitude control using the Earths magnetic field. When hung from a string, students are able to change the attitude of the labsat, and, with the right pulsing of the coils, spin up or de-spin the spacecraft.

    FLATsats: As shown in the 8 different models above, the LABsats can also be configured into a FLATsat configuration for the EPS Solar Panel System design Lab. In the FLATsat configuration, three Solar Panel sides of the spacecraft can be illuminated at once as is the typical illumination of a cube shaped satellite. During the design Lab, we have boxes of 8 different solar cell sub-panels of various voltages and currents. The students must design a power system that can be illuminated under a lamp which will power their LABsat including momentum wheel, while staying within the panel size allocated. Cost is also a parameter of the overall design.

    ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEMS: The LABsat is composed of several boards. The image below shows three of the LABsat boards (the RF Transceiver board, a Solar Panel, and the Comand/Control/Telemetry board). The single radio transceiver board was replaced with separate TX and RX boards in 2005 so students could perform individual functionsl tests on these modules. Other standard boards are the Battery board, and experimental prototype board. The photo on the right shows how the Telemety and Transceiver boards are used to make measurements during the Solar Power lab.

    The drawing below shows how the LABsat telemetry system is typically used as a data collection device during experiments. In this case the 4 of the channels are being used to collect Solar Panel voltage and temperature, plus current and battery voltage and discharge current of the torque motor.

    TRANSMITTERS: New in 2005 labs, the original $100 radio transceiver was replaced with discrete TX and RX panels (at $200 each raising satellite costs to about $900 each) so that students could measure and peak the transmitter for peak power out and measure the antenna SWR. They also observe and measure any harmonics or other spurious emissions. These emissions are important in passing EMI testing. This experiment also has them plot the temperature rise of the transmitter final PA amplifier so they learn the heat involved in a 2W transmitter and how it is mostly concentrated in the final stage and requires thermal design to get rid of it.

    RECEIVERS: On the new discrete receiver, students measure the 10 dB SNR sensitivity and bandwidth as shown below. They measure the noise power on the audio voltmeter and then increase the signal until they achieve 10dB, and then 20 dB SNR. They then move the signal up and down in frequency to measure the 6 dB bandwidth of the receiver.

    STACK INTEGRATION: The next close up view of the magnetorquing experiment shows how the standard 6"x6" modules stack up to compose a LABsat. By having a common footprint, the students have greater freedom in the physical layout of their designs. In the attitude control lab, they have to arrange for a good center of gravity and calculate their moment of inertia. This view, from top down is composed of:

  • Payload board: . . . . The top board is the torgue coil control board
  • Transceiver Board: . The XCVR board is being replaced with separate TX & RX boards
  • TNC board: . . . . . . The TNC board has the Command, Control, Telemetry board (shown separately to the right)
  • Power System: . . . . The bottom board contains the Electrical Power System

    TELEMETRY: The block diagram of the Telemetry Command and control interface is shown below. The bidirectional serial bus allows unlimited expansion to other processors and experiments. This TC&C module is used as the foundation of most of the labsat experiments. It is identical to the 8 currently flown or manefest on USNA satellites.

    To prepare the COTS packet modem for use as a Telemetry, Command and Control system, we make modifications to the circuitry and make various taps off of many of the microprocessor I/O lines. With these mods, the students can easily access the CPU telemetry inputs and command outputs. See details of the TNC mods.

    LABsat telemetry consists of periodic packets containing a serial number followed by 5 comma delimited analog values in the range of 0 to 255. (see example). This file can be opened directly into EXCEL for display and/or conversion to specific units for display. If more than one LABsat is on the air, then the LSAT-SEP.EXE utility can be run on the combined file sepaarate out each individual labsat's telemetry into its own file for loading into EXCEL. The QBASIC source code is available.

    SIGNALS AND MODULATION:

    The students use the Transmitters and Receivers and Telemetry system to investigate both FDMA and TDMA systems. They observe and capture time domain waveforms and compare signals on sound-card spectrum analyzers as shown below. The FDMA multi- channel spectrum display is on the left and the TDMA waveform is on the right.

    LABSAT GROUND STATIONS: The ground station for both our LABsats and our USNA Satellites on orbit consists of a brief-case system containing a laptop, and AX.25 packet radio modem and small radio. The one shown below uses the Kenwood TH-D7 packet radio that has built-in TNC-modem for easy construction and is suitable for actual comms with the spacecraft on orbit and in the lab. On the right is a GSE laptop connected to our flight RAFT and MARScom satellites.

    ATTITUDE CONTROL LABS: In addition to the momentum wheel and magnetorquing coils shown above, the attitude control lab also uses a small chemical thruster. The thruster experiment does not use the LABsat electronics at this time, but replaces the electronics stack with a light weight block of foam and a "match-head" thruster as shown below.


    The image shows the foam sat aligned with North (using the small permanent magnet inserted on the +X face). The Thruster is inserted on the lower left -Y face and ignited. The moment of inertia is calculated and the resulting angular velocity is used to calculate the force of the thruster. The dip needle shows the orientation of the Earths Magnetic field in the lab. Click for closeup of magnetorquing coils.

    This semester we abandoned the match-motor tiny thrusters for a much more vigorous ESTES rocket motor on an actual LABsat as shown above. This satellite is hung outdoors but close to the lab window so it is easy to see. First the CW motor is fired to give the satellite a good spin. Then the CCW motor is fired and if they are close in performance, then the second motor will counteract the spin and return the satellite to rest in about 1 second.

    Magnetic Stabilization: To help studnets visualize the attitudes of spacecraft with magnetic stabilization, I wrote a program to generate many views from our ground station such as the one below. (See more views)

    SERIAL DATA COMMUNICATIONS EXPERIMENT: In this lab, the students analyze the serial data output of a GPS unit and connect it to the LABsat command/control system to transmit GPS position data to the ground station. The data is then decoded and displayed on a local map of the Academy. Each GPS (since the experiment is conducted indoors) is pre-loaded with a simulated position. The screen shot below of the APRS display shows the positions reported by their GPS units and the callsigns the students gave their labsats for this experiment. The students are required to manually parse the data fields and then this display gives them feedback about their successful data transmission.


    OTHER Experiments: Another advantage of the LABsat based experience for the students is that they can use it as the baseline for building and testing other sub components of their EA-470 satellite design work. In the photo below, a FLATsat model was used to test a string-cutter antenna deployment design for one of the early RAFT models. In this case, the students could concentrate on the mechanical and structural details and simply use the FLATsat as the control system.

    SATELLITE TRACKING: The USNA Satellite Lab maintains a track on all of our own satellites plus other university and interesting satellites. When passes occur during labs, students participate in ground station operations. In a number of experiments, the students have done the planning and scheduling of PCSAT2 and PCSAT1 commanding. (PCSAT2 Ops Lab), (Joint ops Planning Lab). The image below is used to help the students visualize the daily pass geometry of PCSAT2 over our station.

    FLIGHT HERITAGE: The LABsat hardware is derived from the actual flight hardware used on several of the successful Naval Academy Satellite designs that have flown or are currently manafest. These systems are similar and compatible to what has flown on the MIR, ISS and the Space Shuttle for use by schools and universities around the world. By using a common Telemetry Command and Control system, the independent flight systems can actually be used in constellation with each other for multiple satellite experiments. Also, their commonality encourage colaboration with other schools making similar compatible systems.

    USNA SATELLITES: A total of eight independent Telemetry Command and Control Systems similar to our labsats have flown or have been delivered for flight as shown below. Both PCsat, PCSAT2 and ANDE are dual systems, meaning they carry two complete systems each. The dual systems give redundancy, and also give multiple functionality. The RAFT and MARScom systems have single TC&C systems.

    PCsat PCSAT2 ANDE . . . . .

    RAFT MARS . Parkinsonsat

    OTHER LABS: The USNA satellite Lab series contains a number of additional labs not shown above. These labs do not at this time directly use the LABsat models and so are summarized elsewhere:

  • Antenna Patterns . . . . Dipole at 100 MHz, Helix at 250 MHz, Parabolics at 2 to 12 GHz
  • Antenna Gains . . . . . . Dipole, Helix and Dishes
  • Antenna Modeling . . . EZNEC antenna modeling program (gain, impedance, resonance, and SWR)
  • Link Budgets . . . . . . . Fleetsat and UHF Satcom links. TVRO, and GPS signals
  • Noise Temperature . . Comparisons between the sun, Sagittarius, Dark sky and terrestrial
  • Operations. . . . . . . . . Operations of PCsat, and PCSAT2 preparations for EVA and Dockings, plus joint satellite ops
  • Satellite Comms. . . . . Communications between ISS and crew and other schools via satellites

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    WA8LMF Mirror of WB4APR Website - 21 July 2008